Aquaculture Technology Center

Types of Bacterial Stocking / Preservation Bacterial stocking aims to store bacteria that are still viable for future use. There are 2 types of stocking: 1. Short Term Keeping    Short Term Keeping is done routinely, usually once a month, into new media. The procedure for Short Term Keeping is: prepare the required tools and materials, UV LAF, and make new media. Once the media is prepared, inoculate the bacteria onto the media in a slant tube and store it in a fridge at 2-8°C. 2. Long Term Keeping Long Term Keeping requires a cryoprotectant agent to protect bacterial cells during storage in a deep freezer at -80°C to prevent cell damage at extreme temperatures. The cryoprotectant agent used for long-term storage is glycerol.  The procedure for this method is: prepare the required tools and materials, UV LAF, and make Broth media. The isolate to be stocked is inoculated into 5-7 mL of liquid media in a slant tube. The bacterial inoculum is then shaken for 24 hours. After ...

The Classification, Morphology, Habitat, and Life Cycle of Marine Sponges Marine sponges are primitive organisms classified as invertebrates within the kingdom Animalia. They are called "primitive" because they lack true tissues or organs. Sponges are commonly referred to as Porifera due to their porous body structure. The phylum Porifera is estimated to include more than 8,000 species. Sponges/Porifera are divided into 3 classes: Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongiae. Calcarea are calcareous sponges composed of calcium carbonate (spicules) shaped like needles. Members of this class are generally around 4 cm in size and tubular in shape. Hexactinellida are a class of marine sponges that contain silicate and lack spongin. Demospongiae are freshwater sponges that do not have triaxon spicules but have monaxon forms. Extinct sponge classes include Archaeocyatha, Sphinctozoa, and Stromatoporoidea. Porifera are multicellular animals with a simple body structure. This phylum ha...

  Actinomycetes as Probiotics to Support Fish Growth The Actinomycetes species that has potential to be used as a probiotic is Streptomyces sp. This species is known to inhibit pathogenic bacterial infections and has antiviral capabilities. Streptomyces sp. Actinomycetes has potential as a probiotic in shrimp aquaculture because it has several advantages, such as acting as an agent that produces antibacterial and antiviral compounds, as a degrader of complex compounds such as starch, protein, lignocellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, keratin, and chitin, which play a role in mineralization and nutrient cycling in ponds, as well as in the digestion of shrimp feed in the host's large intestine. The majority are non-pathogenic and have spores that can survive in extreme conditions. The requirements for microorganisms to be used as probiotics are that they must be able to survive in acidic and alkaline conditions, provide protection to their host, and be able to survive in extreme environ...

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBIOTICS AND E. COLI Bacterial contamination of Escherichia coli in aquatic environments certainly causes water pollution, which later affects the growth of aquatic biota. The use of probiotics can improve intestinal health conditions, thus playing a role in increasing fish digestive efficiency.   Escherichia coli has several antigens, namely O, H, and K antigens, where O antigen (somatic) is the outermost part of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide and consists of repeating polysaccharide units. O antigen is thermostable or heat-resistant and alcohol-resistant. Escherichia coli can be transmitted through activities such as hand-to-mouth contact or through water. Certain strains can cause inflammation of the peritoneal lining and intestines. E. coli becomes a dangerous pathogen when it lives outside the intestines, such as in the urinary tract. Further research is needed regarding the potential of Actinomycetes bacteria to develop its potential as a pro...

  Macroscopic and Microscopic Characterization Colony Morphology Identification Colony morphology identification is a macroscopic characterization observed visually. Observation of colony morphology from isolates was carried out by identifying colonies based on their morphology. Isolates on SCA agar medium were initiated by opening the petri dish to determine different colony types. The observed colony morphology included substrate mycelium, aerial mycelium, pigment, and elevation. The morphology identification process was done by visual observation, and once completed, the petri dish was sealed with plastic wrap and placed back into the incubator. Gram Staining The Gram staining procedure was performed to determine bacterial cell shape using a microscope, including coccus, bacillus, and spiral. Another purpose of Gram staining is to determine whether the observed bacteria are Gram-negative or Gram-positive. The working steps of the Gram staining method are as follows: prepare the ...

Antibiotics Antibiotics are microorganisms that can inhibit harmful microorganisms in the body, such as in infections. According to Hakam (2016), based on antibiotic activity, antibiotics are divided into 2 groups: broad-spectrum antibiotics and narrow-spectrum antibiotics.   1. Broad-spectrum antibiotics   This type of antibiotic can kill both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This antibiotic can broadly kill bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Examples include chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ampicillin.   2. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics   This type of antibiotic is only active against several types of bacteria. Examples include neomycin, penicillin, and streptomycin. Antibacterials Antibacterials are substances that can inhibit bacterial growth and can kill pathogenic bacteria by disrupting metabolism or damaging the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria. Antibacterials are distinguished into 2 types: bacteriostatic and bactericidal, which can...

Actinomycetes are microorganisms native to the sea and can be found on the surface of seawater, the seabed, in sediments, coral reefs, and in soil. Actinomycetes are prokaryotic, like bacteria, but possess mycelium and are classified as microbes with the potential to produce secondary metabolites. Actinomycetes form symbiotic relationships with sponges on the outside of the body (extracellular exosymbiosis), inside the sponge (extracellular endosymbiosis), in the cytoplasm (intracellular symbiosis), and in the cell nucleus (intranuclear symbiosis). Actinomycetes are capable of producing bioactive compounds from antibiotics (70%), fungi (20%), and bacteria (10%). This type of microbe has been widely used in the pharmaceutical, animal feed, fisheries, and other industries. Commercial products that utilize actinomycete secondary metabolites include tetracycline, erythromycin, vancomycin, and streptomycin. Actinomycetes are a group of Actinobacteria found in soil. These bacteria cause the ...

Rhizophora mucronata is a type of mangrove that can grow up to 27 m tall. This mangrove generally has a trunk diameter of 70 cm, a dark trunk color tending toward black with horizontal fissures. R. mucronata is classified as a mangrove that has stilt roots, where aerial roots grow from the lower branches. Mangrove roots have adaptive forms to survive by producing roots that emerge from the soil for air intake. The trunk color of R. mucronata is dark, tending toward blackish. The trunk height can reach 27 m, standing upright, not twining and not grooved. This mangrove trunk grows in the outermost zone with the help of its stilt roots to withstand sea waves. The leaves of this mangrove are broadly elliptic to elongate toward the seed base, with leaf vein tips tapering, measuring 11-23 x 6-13 cm. This mangrove leaf arrangement is single and opposite. The petiole is on the lower side of the midrib with the seed lobe tip resembling a green stalk with a length of 3-4.5 cm. The leaves are bri...

Indonesia's tropical region geographically covers areas located between the Northern Tropic and 23°27’ South Latitude. The tropics are regions located between the 18°C isotherm of the coldest month. Overall, the tropics cover 30% of the Earth's surface. Tropical forests are forests located in tropical regions. Tropical rainforests are one of the oldest forest vegetation types that have covered much of the land. Tropical rainforest ecosystems exist in areas with climate types A and B (according to the Schmidt and Ferguson climate classification), or it can be said that this ecosystem type is found in areas that are always wet, in areas with Podsol, Latosol, Alluvial, and Regosol soil types with good drainage, and located far from the coast. Tropical rainforest stands are dominated by evergreen trees. The diversity of plant and animal species in tropical rainforests is very high. The number of tree species found in tropical rainforests is greater than that found in other ecosyste...

Escherichia coli is a pathogenic bacterium that lives in the intestines of humans and animals and plays a role in maintaining a healthy digestive system. This bacterium is also found in water and food, as are non-pathogenic strains of E. coli. Pathogenic strains, such as enterotoxigenic E. coli (EPEC), produce shiga toxin, which is an indicator of water pollution and invades the epithelial cells of the small intestine. The presence of E. coli in aquatic environments indicates contamination by waste or animal feces carried in the water.Escherichia coli is a type of bacteria belonging to the coliform family that normally lives in human and animal feces, therefore it is also called fecal coliform. E. coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium. E. coli is commonly found in water as a source of microbial pollution. This bacterium forms rods in chains with a length of approximately 2 micrometers and a diameter of 0.5 micrometers. This bacterium has Bacillus forms includ...

Indonesia has rich marine biodiversity and potential for development. Abundant marine resources are not only a food source but can also be developed into medicinal ingredients. Marine invertebrates are the marine organisms that produce the largest number of bioactive compounds compared to marine vertebrates. This is because marine invertebrates have more limited physical movement than marine vertebrates, resulting in a greater response to bioactive compound production. Marine invertebrates with biological activity include sponges, ascidians, mollusks, and bryozoans. In the past decade, the world's attention in medicine has begun to turn to marine organisms as a potential source of these compounds. The need for new antibiotics is high, especially those that are effective in inhibiting resistant pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, information about active antibacterial compounds in the health sector is crucial in combating diseases caused by bacteria. Infectious diseases are diseases cau...

The increasing public demand for seafood and the degradation of natural habitats have led to the threat of widespread infections in intensively farmed animals, which could result in significant losses in fisheries production. Data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) shows that the potential fish resources in Indonesian waters reach 67 million tons per year. This figure includes capture fisheries at 9.3 million tons per year and aquaculture at 56.8 million tons per year. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts that the world population will grow by 30% by 2050, followed by a 70% increase in global protein demand. The application of biotechnology to significantly advance the commercial aquaculture industry has become a primary focus in efforts to increase productivity, control disease and health through vaccination, manage sustainably formulated feed nutrition, and address environmental challenges facing fisheries resources. The application of biotechnology in the fishe...

Why do we need to protect and care for mangrove ecosystems? This question is crucial to consider amidst the current state of mangrove land degradation. Mangrove trees offer numerous benefits, such as preventing abrasion, purifying water, providing habitat for marine life, providing a source of income for coastal communities, and absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2). According to calculations by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), mangrove ecosystems can store 3-5 times more carbon than ordinary terrestrial forests. Furthermore, Indonesia has 23% of the world's mangroves, making it the world's largest and most diverse mangrove forest. With this potential, Indonesia is in a crucial position to address the global problem facing its citizens: CO2 absorption. However, mangrove forests continue to experience land degradation, threatening the destruction of every mangrove ecosystem. The question is, are we willing to lose this natural wealth that should be passed on to our gene...

Mangrove comes from a combination of the Portuguese word mangue and the English word grove. In Portuguese, the word mangrove is used for individual plant species, while mangal is used for the forest community. In English, mangrove is defined as trees that grow in coastal areas or other associated plants. Other terms used to refer to mangrove forests include coastal woodland, mangal, and tidal forest. Mangroves are a coastal tropical vegetation community that lives in estuaries, rivers, lagoons, and intertidal zones with muddy or sandy-mud substrate. Mangroves are classified as higher plants that have the potential for abundant organic matter content, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds used by microorganisms for growth. Mangrove ecosystems are classified as intertidal ecosystems where there is strong interaction between seawater, brackish water, rivers, and terrestrial areas. Mangroves live in tropical and subtropical climate zones and play a role in ecological, social, and economic systems...